Structure and Organizational Behavior †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Structure and Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction This essay presents critical analysis of the effect of the motivation techniques used by managers to increase the productivity of their workers and an application. Thesis statement Yes, I agreed to this statement that The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application. It is because the motivation techniques are supportive to encourage the employees towards their job which helps to gain productivity of an organization. Efficiency shows the accomplishment of organization task by employees in an appropriate manner along with less time and cost. In addition to this, it can be said that efficiency considers some significant factors such as elimination of current issues, perception, and execution of the variations as chances, and utilization of resources (Chumg, et al., 2016). Other factors are maintaining the intra-venture quality; sustain the maximum quality through excellent living situations to the workforce, improve the production by finest cost, and do not harm the environment. There are two kinds of factors that can affect the efficiency of the employees such as Intra-Business Factors and Extra-Business Factors. The intra-business factors can directly impact on the efficiency of employees that can ultimately affect the productivity of an organization. There are certain factors such as Structure of the organization; Machine, Factory, and Equipment are considered by intra-business. In addition, it can also be said that such factors are essential to affect the performance of the organization in long-term. Along with this, the Extra-business factors can also influence the efficiency of workforces, which can affect the growth as well as the performance of employees in long-run. There are certain factors that are considered by the extra-business named Business Practices, Equipment and Energy, Management Method, and Technology (Coccia, 2014). Further, it is also addressed that such factors directly influence the productivity of company in long-term. Performance management system can be used by the company to improve the efficiency of employees in long-term. It will positively impact on business practices such as increasing business capacity, development, delay and enhancement (Gold, et al., 2013). The business growth and development can be improved by using some significant techniques such as Business Enlargement, Job Enrichment, Work Study, and Value Analysis Method. Other techniques are Job Simplification, Zero-Based Budget Management, Force Field Analysis Method, Brain Storming, and Nominal Grouping Method. There are different components that may affect the efficiency of the employees in long-term. These are Harmful and Hazardous Working Environment, Unfavourable Relations with the Managers and Negative Relations between the Colleagues (Hyde, et al., 2013). Other factors are Low Motivation, Low Payment, and Employee-Job Inconsistency. These factors can decline the efficiency of the workforce at the same time it also declines the productivity of the organization in long-term. The harmful and hazardous working environment can decline the efficiency of the employees. It is because; employees cannot accomplish the task in an appropriate manner in an unhealthy environment. The unhealthy environment can create the stress among the employees regarding the task, which can decline the efficiency of workforces. The Unfavourable Relationship between Managers and Colleagues can create the conflict between managers and employees, as it can decline the efficiency of the employees in long-run (Mullins, et al., 2013). In addition, it can also be said that the robust relationship can enhance the performance of an organization as well as employees. The low motivation can create the problem for the employees along with the organization. Because the low motivated employee cannot accomplish the task of an organization in an appropriate manner, which can decline the efficiency of employees as well as decline the productivity of the company. Therefore, it can be said that an organization has needed to focus on the motivation due to enhancing the performance of the organization and improving the efficiency of the workforce (Kalliath, et al., 2013). Low payment can also influence the efficiency of the employees because inappropriate payment can create stress among the employees, which can also decline the efficiency of the employees in long-term. Additionally, it can also be said that low payment can make an unfavorable image in customers mind, which can increase the probability of the low efficiency of employees. Job- Inconsistency can also be a major factor to decline the efficiency of employees because the Job- Inconsistency of employees demonstrates the lack of interest of employees regarding the goal of organization (Kitchin, 2017). Motivation is the best way to positively influence the employees to accomplish their task in an appropriate manner. There are some significant factors that are considered in the motivation such as estimated aim and objectives of the employee, the inspiration, and liking for the activities, the basis, and attainment of a venture climate that will cause the fulfillment of the organization and the employees. At the same time, it can be said that the motivation can directly influence the efficiency of the employees. Motivation can be significant to improve the efficiency of employees in long-term. Furthermore, Motivation can support to satisfy the individual along with cluster needs of workforces. Consequently, it will support to make co-operation and co-ordination between workforces and helps to accomplish the objectives of a firm. In addition, Employees can be satisfied by the organization through motivation (Malik, 2014). Beside this, in case, employees are fully satisfied then they will use their skills and knowledge beyond their capacity to obtain the effective outcomes. It promotes to the higher extent of the job satisfaction among the workforce. Hence, the rules and strategies could be effectively implemented. Moreover, the motivation can be effective to improve the level of employees turnover and decline the absenteeism at the working place. It will inspire the employees towards their goals and objectives, which can increase the interest of employees to complete the task in an effective manner. At the same time, it will also decline the level of employees turnover and absenteeism successfully (McLennan, 2013). Further, the motivation helps to enhance the productivity of the employees by creating the interest of employee towards their work. Additionally, it will enable the employee to contribute their best in the organization so as to enhance the productivity of the company. Motivation can support to improve the efficiency of the organization by eliminating the friction among the employees and management team. The friction can decline the efficacy of the employees but at the same time, it can be said that such kinds of issues can be eliminated by the techniques of motivation. Furthermore, it also supports to decline the grievances, wastages, complaints, and accidents. There are different motivation techniques that will be used by the managers as well as organization to improve the efficiency of the employees in long-term (McShane, et al., 2013). These are Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Hawthorne Effect, and Expectancy Theory. These all techniques are important to inspire the employees in less time and cost. Moreover, managers generally use the Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to motivate the employees towards their work. At the same time, it can be said that these techniques will also support to enhance the stability of employees with higher efficiency in long-term. The behavior of the employees can affect the level of motivation appropriately. In case, manager allows to the wage-earner to contribute their ideas and opinion then it can create a positive image in the customers mind (Clay, et al., 2015). At the same time, it can also be said that the positive image can be supportive to make a robust relationship with employees along with enhancing the efficacy of employees in long-term. In addition, the positive behavior of executive can increase the morale of employees that will be supportive to improve the professional as well as personal life of the employees. The appropriate behavior of the employees improves the communication skills of the employees as well as attitude at the working place (Wood, et al., 2016). The communication and attitude is a major factor that will impact on the performance of the employees. Therefore, it can be said that a manager can improve the communication and attitude skills of the employees by an ethical code of conduct to the employees. It will also supportive to increase the efficiency of employees along with productivity of organization in long-term. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that employee efficiency can be effective to accomplish the task of an organization in less time and cost with appropriate manner. Additionally, it can also be summarized that the motivation technique is important for managers to enhance the efficacy of employees and retain them in long-term. Finally, it can be evaluated that Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory is generally used by the managers to inspire the employee towards their work. References Chumg, H. F., Seaton, J., Cooke, L., and Ding, W. Y. (2016) Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behavior in the virtual organization from the perspectives of well-being and organizational behavior,Computers in Human Behavior,64, pp. 432-448. Clay-Williams, R., and Braithwaite, J. (2015) Reframing implementation as an organizational behavior problem: Inside a teamwork improvement intervention,Journal of health organization and management,29(6), pp. 670-683. Coccia, M. (2014) Structure and organizational behavior of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources,International Journal of Services Technology and Management,20(4-6), pp. 251-266. Gold, J., Holden, R., Iles, P., Stewart, J., and Beardwell, J. (2013)Human resource development: Theory and practice. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Hyde, P., Harris, C., and Boaden, R. (2013) Pro-social organizational behavior of health care workers,The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(16), pp. 3115-3130. j Mullins, L., and Christy, G. (2013)Management and Organisational Behaviour. UK: Pearson Education. Kalliath, T., Brough, P., O'DRISCOLL, M., Manimala, M., SIU, O. L., and Parker, S. (2013)Organisational behavior: a psychological perspective for the Asia Pacific. Australia: McGraw-Hill. Kitchin, D. (2017)An introduction to organizational behavior for managers and engineers: A group and multicultural approach. UK: Routledge. Malik, M. R. (2014) IMPACT OF POSITIVE ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR ON LEADERSHIP AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,International Journal of Organizational Behaviour and Management Perspectives,3(1), P. 70. McLennan, R. (2013)Cases in organizational behavior. UK: Routledge. McShane, S. L., Olekalns, M., and Travaglione, A. (2013)Organisational behavior: Emerging knowledge, global insights. Australia: McGraw Hill. Wood, J. M., Zeffane, R. M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., and Osborn, R. N. (2016)Organisational behavior: Core concepts and applications. USA: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.

Free Death in Venices Every Great Man has a Essay Example For Students

Free Death in Venices: Every Great Man has a Essay Flaw Death Venice EssaysDeath in Venice Essay: Every Great Man has a Flaw Aschenbach was certainly an artist. A very decent one. He had his life planned out, was very accurate and organized. Perhaps even a bit boring, monotonous. He was a hard-working man, he had that certain motus animi continuus. He was seen as a genius. From the beginning, he wanted to become known, to become famous, but his life was empty. He yearned for a change of pace, for some action, adventure and unpredictability of what might come. He was afraid of breaking out, yet he was also afraid of being trapped. Then he goes to Venice, where all will change. In his hotel, he sees a young boy by whom he is fascinated. The young boy is the perfect image of a happy, idle child that has all it desires, all Aschenbach never had; his childhood was rather gloom since it was spent mostly at home and indoors, he didnt meet many people and he certainly never had that laisser aller attitude that the young boy so obviously po ssessed. Aschenbach studied the child and found out that his name was Tadzio. The sound of his name was almost musical. Aschenbach would sit on the beach and watch him play, the young child that, in his point of view, looked like the god Apollo. Slowly but surely, he became obsessed with Tadzio, with his youth, beauty, effortlessness and his idleness. Whilst being obsessed with this young boy with whom Aschenbach has no connection or relation, around him disease broods. The plague is sweeping over Venice, unnoticed at first and denied by the Venitians. They are all lying, denying and acting as to make sure the tourist business will continue to thrive through this period of silent turmoil. People are dying around Aschenbach, while he is alive in the midst of death. If he would have been wise, he would have left as soon as he started considering the fact that there was indeed a plague in Venice. Yet he could not leave. He was so immensely drawn to Tadzio, he could not make himself l eave. After he finally takes the step to leave the wretched place of contagion, his bags go missing, giving him the opportunity he subconsciously longed for; to stay longer with a cause. Even when his luggage is returned, he has no intention of trying to leave again. Instead, he stays to be close to Tadzio, with whom he believes to have a bond. When the boy looks at him, he feels that the boy is interested in him, but it might as well have been a random look at which their eyes met for an instant. Tadzios family is now aware of Aschenbach keeping a peculiarly close eye on Tadzio. Aschenbach has changed from a dignified artist to a scary old man, lurking in the dark. One thing he does notice about Tadzio though is that his teeth look very unhealthy and bluish. Tadzio looks sickly, fragile. And Aschenbach is glad. He is glad that Tadzio is unhealthy and will probably not live to an old age. That way he will die beautiful and young and not become like Aschenbach; a man yearning to ret urn to the his former glory. At this point, Aschenbachs life goes out of hand. He no longer is under control of it. When he takes the gondola, a foreign gondolier takes him across the waters. The black gondola, reminding him of a coffin, is a grave sign of what might come for him in just a few days time. The gondolier seems to ignore the orders given to him and goes his own direction: a direction Aschenbach didnt ask to go to. His life is now being controlled by someone else, he has lost grip of where he is going, what he is doing and the consequences. Aschenbach is indecisive, will he let himself be directed or will he take action and rebel against this injustice? He decided to sit back and let himself be carried over the waters by a complete .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 , .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .postImageUrl , .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 , .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:hover , .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:visited , .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:active { border:0!important; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:active , .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2 .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f30f7eff407f87c047afd6e756fc3f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minimum Wage Essay

Kanye Analysis free essay sample

First Day of black history Month Sinful Dreaming The song So Appalled by Kenya West seems to be one of many songs on Snakes My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, album that takes a straight forward attack on the life that Kenya lives but at the same time likes. It seems that the album itself makes many claims about the lifestyle and things that people in the high society do. Beyond that Kenya West Is well known for his music being strictly more or less about the internal battle with himself.One that is easily pointed out Is Im trying to write my rings, But its funny these same wrongs helped me write this song. (Touch the Sky) I would have to say that through Kenya West career as a song writer hes is one of the most consistent artist that openly points out and accepts the life he lives as something that isnt the most holy life to have. We will write a custom essay sample on Kanye Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I listen to the song So Appalled I noticed that of all the songs on the album this song seemed to have the most serious or viable beat to go with Its pretty direct meaning.As I did the grammar and thesaurus changes to the song I did a lot of ding of the word I changing literally every verse into the first person and of course it sounded more like a story realistically about Snakes life. I think the most important changes to me was the changing of the word ridiculous to unbelievable and also changing appalled to amazing which in my eyes gave the song kind of a double meaning and also reminded me of another song he did that was actually called amazing done In the album before this 808 Heartbreak which Is kind of the other half to this double meaning in the song. With most of the changes I made I feel like I changed the song to better resemble the song Amazing which is in first person as he talks strictly in one verse about him knowing he is a problem and saying that thats something he is fine with and saying that youll never be able to take that away from him. So I dont really believe I changed the song from its meaning Just directed it and kind of tried to make It more direct which seems to be more Like Kenya.In my eyes the song really talked about the way Kenya west realizes what he does In life ally is kind of unbelievable and somewhat unrealistic to the everyday life of a middle class or even a rich person who is Just beginning to see the high life but hasnt yet really experienced the whole package to think on this level.I believe that jay-Z verse is the most straight forward verse on the track that points out the sinful but amazingly unbelievable life the rappers live. I also kind of took this from Push Its verse In the song were he sta rts out with success Is what you make It take It how It comes as the verse goes on it seemed to me like he was talking telling a story of his eke as if it was something you tell a child.He took the important concept of success and twisted it as if hes success was good and turned to be someone what of an amazing but odd success that he is happy with but appalled with at the same time. The song really makes you think about how much the most successful rappers think about their lives as a whole. This song has to one of the most, straight forward and at the same time that the rappers in the song like the lives they live but at the same timed they call it ridiculous.

After the French and Indian War

Question: After the French and Indian War, the separation of colonies from England was inevitable. To what extent do you agree? The struggle between France and England for North American sea power and colonial rule ended by the French and Indian War. The war began in 1754 in the upper Ohio Valley. Two years later, the conflict spread to Europe where it was known as the Seven Years War. One of the greatest battles of the war that practically ended Frances power in America was the English capture of Quebec in 1759. The treaty of Paris, signed in 1763, formally ended the war in America, making Great Britain master of Canada and the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. These terms ended French power in the New World and made Great Britain supreme. Although the tensions between both England and its colonies were released, there was still no acknowledgment of any severance of the colonies from England. Proceeding the war, Britain passed new Acts, which colonists regarded as, for the most part, unbearable. These new Acts and the determination for colonial independence an! d uniformity made the separation of the colonies from England inevitable. Because colonists proved resistant to British control, British policies were forced to be relaxed. Even so, the colonial assemblies reluctantly continued to respond to British needs. The British Empire was in great need of organizing. With the territorial annexations of 1763, the British Empire nearly doubled in size, making it difficult to rule. Because of this, and other factors such as Englands war reparations, it was necessary that Britain seek greater control over its colonies. English government made efforts to find a way to deal with its war debt, and their effort to do this was made through raising the already high taxes. According to Document C, this resolution caused great uneasiness and constern

Leadership and Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership and Organizational Culture - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that there are totally four CEO’s whose leadership style is different. The leadership style of an individual highly depends upon the individual behaviour of the person and set of attitude and beliefs molded in his mind. Some believe firmly that autocratic leadership style will bring out more productivity. Some believe that participative leadership is best and some others feel that free reign is best. The behaviour and the set of attitude possessed by the person is what make the person implement such leadership strategy within the organization. This study outlines that leading can be done in many ways depending upon the individual parameters. Leadership issues are mostly found in organizations and it is highly oriented towards the top level management within the organization. The overall effectiveness of the organization is depended upon the capability of the leader to manage the resources effectively and efficiently to achieve the organizational goals and objectives with an increase in the overall productivity. It is not only the responsibility of the leader to clearly identify and define the goals and objectives of the business, but also involves designing and framing useful methods by which those goals and objectives can be accomplished. â€Å"In organizations, leadership is about influencing employees to buy into the vision of the leader, motivating them to deploy all resources available at their disposal to achieve objectives set by the leader†.

Commuication at Diageo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commuication at Diageo - Case Study Example The details of the internal communication strategies by Diageo, as discussed in the case study, show that the all the different strategies implemented were mostly focused on the change management issues after the merger. One of the reasons for Diageo's internal communication to be successful is because both the upward and downward communication within the company is made easily possible (Ramgopal, 2008). The company's communication activities are in direct contact with strategies and plans; therefore Diageo sees every communication that is done is to achieve its business objectives. This is because even if all the top level management makes Diageo's business goals and objectives, it is the internal communication process that enables these goals to circulate within the organization (Armstrong, 2006). According to the case study, all the leaders in the company are encouraged to think of communication as a tool, which can play a role in achieving the company's goals. Another initiative in the communication process by Diageo, according to the case study, is the amount of information delivered to the employees. Employees at Diageo are informed about their role at the wider sense of the business. This helps in motivating the employee and once again implementing the concept of unification under the brand name. Another initiative in the internal communication process is the introductio... It has quarterly meetings through teleconferences and short period conferences. 12 top executives of Diageo participate in these meetings. In these meetings leadership community is the object of discussion and reform (Duncan, 2007). There are over 800 managers who are part of the leadership community at Diageo. At the leadership community they have introduced many new innovative ideas that can enhance the internal communication process at Diageo. These ideas include use of a new and imaginative buddy system - where all the top level managers and executives are teamed up with communications team. Each of them are assigned a ''buddy''; a communication guy. This can help in improving the communications skills of all those managers and executives. Then there is also the fortnightly update that is sent to the whole community (Robbins, 2009). That update is about all business developments and achievements, and is sent to the whole group by email, according to the case study. This helps in keeping all the leaders in the loop and once again imposing the brand building of the Diageo. This fortnightly update can also play a great role in the motivation of all the leadership community. Another tool to support the leadership community is through the company's own intranet. This is perhaps the most cost effective and simple way to keep the leadership community with over 800 members together and effectively in touch. According to the case study the intra net is password protected. Each member of the community have access to the information according to his or hers respective designation at Diageo (Clark, 2008). There are also many different activities at the leadership community;

Analysis of the New Labour Welfare Ideology and Policy

Analysis of the New Labour Welfare Ideology and Policy How and why does the governments new deal typify new labour welfare ideology? Are there elements of new labour welfare ideology and new deal policy which find echo in welfare ideologies and policies prevailing in early periods of welfare (Elizabethan and Victorian poor laws. Does social liberalism influencing early 20c welfare reforms and the architecture of the Beveridge welfare state still play a part in new labour welfare ideology and the new deal? Does the new deal and its ideological underpinnings represent a radical departure from or a continuation of new right approaches to poverty and unemployment. Outlined below is a critical review of the present government’s New Deal policy that takes into account the influence of past and present welfare ideologies upon New Deal’s development, objectives, and procedures. Originally the government had no role in welfare provision, this was left to local parish churches, almshouses, and before their dissolution, the monasteries. Each parish decided which of the poor deserved help, and which of the poor were not deserving of help. Those that were undeserving or came from other parishes had the unsavoury choices of begging, relying on charity, finding work, or simply starving to death. Those that did receive help often had to work to earn that help. There was little understanding of the causes of unemployment or underemployment. People no longer worked because they were no longer physically capable of working, trade was poor, or because they were being idle. The first legislation to deal with welfare provision was during the reign of Richard II; it was the precursor of further intervention during Elizabethan and Victorian times, and most notably in the 20th century. From the Elizabethan Poor Laws through to the Victorian era Poor Law Amendment Act the dominating feature of welfare ideology was that welfare provision should be as limited as possible, and that people should be dissuaded from applying for poor relief payments. Welfare payments were not a right, they were restricted to the most deserving or the most desperate, and who were often made to feel ashamed that they needed help. The Poor Laws were primarily a means of social control that were administered by the parishes, and were paid for by local ratepayers (Moran, 2005 p.14). The Poor Laws had at first been used as a way to keep families together and in their own homes. However, ratepayers resented paying for poor relief which led to the establishment of the dreaded workhouses to reduce the amount of poor relief provided. The Poor Law Amendment Act made the workhouses the normal system of providing welfare, and they imposed draconian conditions on anybody unfortunate enough to need thei r help. People had to undertake arduous tasks in return for receiving very basic food, clothing, and accommodation; many also had to endure the breaking up of their families. The workhouses demeaned and effectively penalised people that had been unable to help themselves (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003 p.12). Although New Deal does not humiliate benefit claimants, it does make the continuance of benefit payments dependent upon them attending their New Deal placements; they even receive small top up payments. The New Deal operates on a carrot and stick principle, whilst the Poor Laws in general, and the workhouses in particular operated on the stick principle (Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.4). The welfare ideologies linked to the Poor Laws attracted criticism leading to proposals to offer welfare provisions without harsh qualifying conditions, and more generous poor relief. Research into poverty by Rowntree and others helped to change public attitudes towards the poor. Unemployment, underemployment, old age, and physical incapacity rather than idleness caused poverty. Support for changing welfare ideologies was detectable within the Liberal Party, trade unions, co-operatives, and in the Labour Party. New or, social Liberalism regarded the welfare ideology of the Poor Laws as been unjust and harsher towards the poor than it should have been. Liberal governments had intervened in the economy to introduce safety standards, yet took longer to establish a minimalist welfare state. The Liberal governments between 1906 and 1914 introduced limited old age pensions, unemployment benefits, national insurance contributions, and labour exchanges. The welfare provisions introduced by t he Liberals were not universal and payments were only made to those people that had paid national insurance contributions. Payments under this system were not particularly generous, yet they prevented the people that received them from having to resort to the workhouses to survive. The welfare ideology of the Liberal governments was that the government should provide minimum levels of help to stop people becoming destitute, it allowed some people to retire without having to fear the prospect of going into the workhouse. Unemployment benefits, although they only lasted for limited periods, helped families to survive periods of unemployment without losing their homes or being forcibly separated from each other by being forced into the workhouses. Labour exchanges, the forerunners of present day Job centres, allowed people to search for employment, whilst allowing employers the opportunity to recruit workers to fill their vacancies. New Deal can be argued to share things in common with the welfare ideologies linked with New Liberalism. Firstly the unemployed are encouraged to find employment as their benefits may only be awarded for a short -term period (Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.3). Whilst the welfare measures introduced by the new or social Liberals took many people out of the scope of the Poor Laws, they were not universal measures that proved inadequate for reducing poverty during the inter-war period. The Labour Party became the main exponents of expanding welfare provision, although the Labour government decided to cut unemployment benefits in 1931 in order to balance the budget. Labour had to wait until its 1945 general election victory before it could implement it’s a vision of the welfare state, heavily influenced by the Beveridge Report. The Atlee government introduced universal benefits such as Family Allowance and even benefits for people on low incomes that had not paid national insurance contributions. National insurance was expanded to cover everybody, married women that had not worked received retirement pensions based upon their husbands’ contributions (Moran, 2005, p.18). New Deal sticks with the idea of universalism, as everybody that has been unemployed for the qualifying period has to go on the scheme irrespective of their past national insurance contributions. New Deal does allow people different schemes to match all past experiences and their skills. There is flexibility as long as people are willing to on the scheme (Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.2). The post-war welfare state remained virtually unaltered until the Thatcher government came into office in 1979. Thatcher objected to the ways in which the welfare state operated, as it was too generous and provided little incentive for people to find work. Thatcherite economic policies were supposed to reduce the size of public spending, yet they were responsible for unemployment rising from one million to over three million (Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.4). The Thatcher government responded in various ways, for instance changing the definition of unemployment and switching people from unemployment benefit to incapacity benefit or income support. The Thatcher government also introduced work and training placement schemes such as Youth Training and Training for Work to improve the employment prospects of people that had been long-term unemployed. These placement schemes can be regarded as being the direct forerunners to New Deal. They too used the carrot and stick approac h; in fact people received a small top up to their benefits by joining the schemes or faced losing benefits for not going on placement. People that found employment once they had finished their placements could qualify for bonus payments as well Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.3). The Conservatives replaced unemployment benefit with Job-seekers Allowance that placed a greater emphasis on people actively seeking employment. People deemed unwilling to search for work either lost benefit outright or had it reduced. New Labour has not removed the sanctions available to decision makers to penalise people that are not actively seeking work (Seldon Kavanagh, 2005 p.416). New Deal has elements that make it compulsory for people to go on the scheme. New Deal differs from previous schemes in that more groups are liable to go through it. New Labour was keen that New Deal would improve employment rates amongst the under 25s, lone parents, the disabled and the over 50s. These groups are traditionally the groups that find it hardest to find jobs. New Deal places an increased onus upon people to increase their efforts to gain a job after finishing their placements. In return, people are given extra advice on gaining jobs by New Deal advisers Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.4). There are incentives to help encourage people to get jobs after New Deal. For instance, if they take a low paid job they have their income boosted by working tax credits. New Deal has arguably succeeded in reducing the numbers of long-term unemployed and making people more employable. It also provides advise for people such as lone parents that had not previously been helped when looking to gain employment (Department for Work and Pensions, 2004, p.3). Thus the New Deal has been influenced by various welfare ideologies from past and present. The idea behind New Deal is a simple one, getting people back in to work by giving them up to date training and work experience, thereby improving employment prospects. Just like the welfare provided under the auspices of the Poor Laws people have to work to gain payments, if they are unwilling to do so they lose entitlement. It differs from the Poor Laws in that people receive extra from going on the scheme and can receive extra for finding work after completing it. In other respects, New Deal is based on welfare ideologies that are influenced by New Liberalism and the welfare state established by the Atlee government. It is available to anybody that has been unemployed long enough. There are also elements that be traced to ideas from the New Right, provide incentives for those do well, and penalise those that will not take part. Bibliography Department for Work and Pensions (2004) Building on New Deal: Local solutions meeting individual needs, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London Fisher J, Denver D, Benyon J, (2003) Central Debates in British Politics, Longman, London Moran M, (2005) Politic and Governance in the UK, Palgrave, Basingstoke Seldon A Kavanagh D, (2005) The Blair Effect 2001 – 5, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge